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-
- Some Hints For Naked Eye Satellite Viewing
- ==========================================
-
- Many satellites currently in orbit, including the MIR space station and the
- shuttle when it is in use, can be seen with the naked eye under certain
- conditions. First of all, the ground based observer must be in darkness
- (obviously, or the sun light would obscure the satellites). Where possible,
- street lights and any other light sources (including the Moon !!) should also
- be avoided. (Basically, if you can see lots of stars, then you have a good
- chance of being able to see any passing satellites). The second thing is that
- the satellite must NOT be in darkness, i.e. the satellite MUST be lit by the
- Sun so that it can reflect light down towards the observer. (Satellites are not
- good light sources on their own, unless they are reentering !!). The
- consequence of these two points is that the only time that low earth satellites
- (below about 1000 km altitude) are going to be visible is either shortly before
- dawn, or shortly after dusk. Most people prefer the latter !!. Higher
- satellites are potentially visible for longer, but they are usually too far
- away to be seen.
-
- It is possible to just go and sit outside in the early evening and wait for
- satellites to pass over. Although you may well see many satellites this way, it
- is usually very difficult to find out later which spacecraft you have seen. A
- much more satisfying approach is to go looking for a particular satellite, with
- the knowledge of exactly when it will pass over your location (this also saves
- a lot of time!), and this is made very easy with !Spotter.
-
- Choosing a satellite
- --------------------
-
- The number of satellites that you will be able to see depends on your
- location. Most satellites launched by the shuttle, for example, are put into
- orbits with an inclination of 28.5 degrees, which means that if your location
- is more than about 40 degrees off the equator, then you are just not going to
- be able to see them. The good news for Europeans, though, is that there are
- very many satellites in sun-synchrounous orbits (with inclinations > 90 deg),
- that are visible from any location. Also, MIR, one of the brightest orbiting
- objects, has an inclination of 51.6 deg and is clearly visible from all over
- Europe, and although most shuttle missions operate at 28.5 deg, the occasional
- mission does go to 57 deg (for example the STS 56 mission, scheduled for April
- 6th 1993), and these also can be seen very easily.
-
- Basically, then the rules are the following: Choose a large, low satellite
- that has an inclination higher than, or not much lower than, your current
- latitude. Unless you know a lot about satellites, choosing a large satellite
- might be difficult, but most low satellites tend to be large enough to be seen,
- and so this size criteria can be neglected. If you have never before seen a
- satellite, then I suggest that you start with one of the easier ones like MIR,
- or the shuttle if it is available. After this, you could try some of the
- sun-synchronous satellites, for example ERS-1 or one of the SPOT satellites.
- For people in lower latitudes, I would imagine that the Hubble Space Telescope
- would make quite a spectacle, but I have not been lucky enough to see that one
- myself.
-
-
- Determining the Visibility Times
- --------------------------------
-
- When you have decided which satellite you wish to try and see, then you can
- use !Spotter to find out when the satellite will be visible. First of all, try
- and obtain the most recent set of elements available for this satellite (file
- 'Elements' in this directory explains how to go about doing this), and then
- generate a WIMPY, as described in the User Notes. The WIMPY will list all the
- times that your chosen satellite is above the horizon at your location, and if
- the eclipse entry for any particular time does not contain a '*', then the
- satellite should be visible. Simple, isn't it ?
-
- I wish you success in your endeavours, and, I hope that you find !Spotter a
- useful aid.
-
- Stuart Martin, 3rd April 1993.
-
-